Agronomic aspects Vigna subterranea

1 agronomic aspects

1.1 origin , regions of cultivation
1.2 importance in world food system
1.3 uses
1.4 culinary use
1.5 soil requirements
1.6 climate requirements
1.7 cropping system
1.8 fertilization
1.9 production
1.10 pest , diseases

agronomic aspects

freshly harvested bambara nuts



bambara plants in field



vigna subterranea - mhnt


origin , regions of cultivation

the origin of bambara groundnut west africa , region of cultivation sub-saharan africa s warm tropics.. bambara nut grows groundnut (peanut) grows , vastly present kwara state , throughout northern parts of nigeria.

importance in world food system

bambara groundnut represents third important grain legume in semi-arid africa. “it resistant high temperature , suitable marginal soils other leguminous crops cannot grown”. in addition, makes little demand on soil , has high nutritive value 65% carbohydrate , 18% protein content. these reasons not prone risk of total harvest failure in low , uncertain rainfall regions. due high protein value important crop people in africa despite nutritional value, still considered 1 of prioritized neglected , underutilized species in benin.

uses

aesthetics , sports: bambara nuts varied in size, shape , colours. have multiple colours , patterns on seeds. dried seeds used in middle-belt of nigeria (from kwara upwards) currency in playing ground ayo - game similar yoruba board game- ayo. ground ayo dug in ground similar board game.this common among youths , adolescents in villages. beauty , variation of seed colours useful in decorations seeds hardy after drying , can store more year.

culinary use

the seeds used food , beverage because of high protein content , digestive system applications. entire plant known soil improvement because of nitrogen fixation. in west africa, nuts eaten snack, roasted , salted, processed cake, or meal, boiled similar other beans.

in bambara language spoken in mali , neighboring countries, plant , bean called tiganinkuru (small round peanut) or tiganingèlèn (small hard peanut).

in south eastern nigeria, particularly in enugu, dried bambara beans ground fine powder, mixed palm oil, water , pumpkin leaves , poured banana leaf wraps or 1 litre cellophane bags before being boiled kind of cakey pudding make enugu s popular delicacy called okpa okpa number 1 breakfast item in enugu, nsukka , ngwo nigeria. in niger state , upper kwara state nupes , yorubas have delicacy called sagidi- meal sold in every friday , saturday market. groundnut cake (kulikuli cake), bambara nut processed kangu cake starting kwara through northern nigeria, chad , niger. during rainy season in many parts of central nigeria jos, fresh bambara beans cooked shells still on them. beans eaten snack boiled groundnuts.

soil requirements

optimal soils bambara groundnut production sandy soils prevent waterlogging. optimal soil depth between 50 , 100 cm, light soil texture. soil fertility should low , soil ph best suited between 5 , 6.5 , should not lower 4.3 or higher 7.

climate requirements

the production best suited between latitude of 20° - 30°, i.e. tropical wet , dry (aw) , subtropical dry summer (cs) climate zones. optimal temperature between 19 °c , 30 °c. temperatures below 16 °c , above 38 °c not suited production of bambara groundnut. bambara groundnut drought resistant. minimal annual rainfall requirement 300 mm , optimal annual rainfall between 750 mm , 1400 mm , should not exceed 3000 mm.

cropping system

the cropping system semi-permanent , bambara groundnut can cultivated single crop or intercrop. best suited intercrops sorghum, millet, maize, groundnut, yams , cassava.

bambara groundnut cultivated intercrop, planting density varies between 6 , 29 plants per square meter. woodland savannas of côte d ivoire highest yield attainable plant density of 25 plants per square meter.

fertilization

since vigna subterranea intercropped, no fertilizer applied. yield of 1000 kg seed , 925 kg leaves remove 55.7 kg n, 26.2 kg k, 25.1 kg c, 7.8 kg p , 6.6 kg mg. since bambara groundnut legume, phosphor important nutrient. application rate of 60 kg/ha of p2o5 recommended bambara groundnut in yola, adamawa state nigeria.

production

world production of vigna subterranea increased 29 800 tonnes in 2015. in 1972 79 155 tonnes

pest , diseases

pest , diseases not considered serious problem vigna subterranea.

reported diseases:

leaf spot (cerscospora canescens & phyllosticta voandzeia)
powdery mildew (erysiphe sp.)
wilt (fusarium sp.)
leaf blotch (phomopsis sp.)
stem rot (scleorotium rolfsii)

reported pests:

aphids (aphis sp.)
bruchids (callosobruchus sp.)
leaf hoppers (hilda patruelis)
termites
root-knot nematodes (meloidogyne javanica)
rodents
parasitic plants (alectra vogelii , striga gesnerioides)




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