Alphabet Manchu people

the jurchens, ancestors of manchus, had created jurchen script in jin dynasty. after jin dynasty collapsed, jurchen script gradually lost. in ming dynasty, 60%-70% of jurchens used mongolian script write letters , 30%-40% of jurchens used chinese characters. persisted until nurhaci revolted against ming empire. nurhaci considered major impediment people lacked script of own, commanded scholars, gagai , eldeni, create manchu characters reference mongolian scripts. dutifully complied khan s order , created manchu script, called script without dots , circles (manchu: ᡨᠣᠩᡴᡳ

ᡶᡠᡴᠠ

ᠠᡴᡡ

ᡥᡝᡵᡤᡝᠨ; möllendorff: tongki fuka akū hergen; abkai: tongki fuka akv hergen; 无圈点满文) or old manchu script (老满文). due hurried creation, script has defects. vowels , consonants difficult distinguish. shortly afterwards, successor dahai used dots , circles distinguish vowels, aspirated , non-aspirated consonants , completed script. achievement called script dots , circles or new manchu script .