Europe before World War II Women in science

marie skłodowska-curie, first woman win nobel prize in 1903 (physics), went on become double nobel prize winner in 1911 (chemistry), both work on radiation. first person win 2 nobel prizes, feat accomplished 3 others since then.

alice perry understood first woman graduate degree in civil engineering in united kingdom of great britain , ireland, in 1906 @ queen s college, galway, ireland.

lise meitner played major role in discovery of nuclear fission. head of physics section @ kaiser wilhelm institute in berlin collaborated closely head of chemistry otto hahn on atomic physics until forced flee berlin in 1938. in 1939, in collaboration nephew otto frisch, meitner derived theoretical explanation experiment performed hahn , fritz strassman in berlin, thereby demonstrating occurrence of nuclear fission. possibility fermi s bombardment of uranium neutrons in 1934 had instead produced fission breaking nucleus lighter elements, had first been raised in print in 1934, chemist ida noddack (co-discover of element rhenium), suggestion had been ignored @ time, no group made concerted effort find of these light radioactive fission products.

maria montessori first woman in southern europe qualify physician. developed interest in diseases of children , believed in necessity of educating recognized ineducable. in case of latter argued development of training teachers along froebelian lines , developed principle inform general educational program, first education of senses, education of intellect. montessori introduced teaching program allowed defective children read , write. sought teach skills not having children repeatedly try it, developing exercises prepare them.

emmy noether revolutionized abstract algebra, filled in gaps in relativity, , responsible critical theorem conserved quantities in physics. 1 notes erlangen program attempted identify invariants under group of transformations. on 16 july 1918, before scientific organization in göttingen, felix klein read paper written emmy noether, because not allowed present paper herself. in particular, in referred in physics noether s theorem, paper identified conditions under poincaré group of transformations (now called gauge group) general relativity defines conservation laws. noether s papers made requirements conservation laws precise. among mathematicians, noether best known fundamental contributions abstract algebra, adjective noetherian nowadays commonly used on many sorts of objects.

mary cartwright british mathematician first analyze dynamical system chaos. inge lehmann, danish seismologist, first suggested in 1936 inside earth s molten core there may solid inner core. women such margaret fountaine continued contribute detailed observations , illustrations in botany, entomology, , related observational fields. joan beauchamp procter, outstanding herpetologist, first woman curator of reptiles zoological society of london @ london zoo.