Yi Dongyi

1 yi

1.1 characters
1.2 etymology
1.3 usages

1.3.1 pre-qin usages
1.3.2 post-qin usages
1.3.3 other usage of dongyi in chinese history books

yi

the chinese word yi in dongyi has long history , complex semantics.

characters

the chinese character yi 夷 consists of 大 big , 弓 bow .

the modern chinese regular script character 夷 yi combines radicals (recurring character elements) da 大 big , gong 弓 bow , seen in seal script. however, yi written in earlier bronze script person wrapped something, , in earliest oracle bone script person bent , legs.

the (121 ce) shuowen jiezi character dictionary, defines yi 夷 men of east” 東方之人也. dictionary informs yi not dissimilar xia 夏, means chinese. elsewhere in shuowen jiezi, under entry of qiang 羌, term yi associated benevolence , human longevity. yi countries therefore virtuous places people live long lives. why confucius wanted go yi countries when dao not realized in central states.

the scholar léon wieger provided multiple definitions term yi: “the men 大 armed bows 弓, primitive inhabitants, barbarians, borderers of eastern sea, inhabitants of south-west countries.

bernhard karlgren says in bronze script yi inscribed on zhou dynasty (ca. 1045 bce-ca. 256 bce) chinese bronze inscriptions, graph has man , arrow , or arrow wound around shaft.

the yi, or dongyi, associated bow , arrow: k. c. wu says modern character 夷 designating historical yi peoples, composed of characters 大 big (person) , 弓 bow ; implies big person carrying bow, , old form of chinese character composed association of group of people use of bow in mind. classic chinese history records zuo zhuan, shuowen jiezi, classic of rites, have similar records this.

the earliest records of yi inscribed on oracle bones dating late shang dynasty (ca. 1600–ca. 1046 bce). oracle bone script used interchangeably yi 夷, ren 人 human , , shi 尸 corpse; personator of dead; inactive; lay out . archeologist , scholar guo moruo believed oracle graph yi denotes dead body, i.e., killed enemy , while bronze graph denotes man bound rope, i.e., prisoner or slave . historical linguist xu zhongshu (zh:徐中舒) explains oracle character depicts either corpse 2 bent legs or barbarian custom of sitting 1 s legs stretched out instead of chinese norm of squatting on 1 s heels. china historian li feng says western zhou bronze graph yi differentiated ren 人 (human) kneeling gesture, implying population deemed potential source of slaves or servants , meaning foreign conquerable .

etymology

historical linguists have tentatively reconstructed yi 夷 s ancient pronunciations , etymology. modern standard chinese pronunciation yi descends (ca. 6th-9th centuries ce) middle chinese , (ca. 6th-3rd centuries bce) old chinese. middle , old chinese reconstructions of yi 夷 barbarian; spread out include < *djər, yij < *ljɨj, , ji < *ləi.

axel schuessler hypothesizes old chinese etymological development *li 夷 extend; expose; display; set out; spread out *lhi 尸 spread out; lie down flat (in order sleep); motionless; set forth (sacrificial dishes) , personator of dead ancestor , , corpse .

usages

the sinologist edwin g. pulleyblank describes how yi usages semantically changed. name furnished primary chinese term barbarian , used in such generalized sense spring , autumn period. @ same time continued have specific reference, denoting yi of huai river region, constituted recognized political entity. paradoxically yi considered civilized of non-chinese peoples.

pre-qin usages

zhou dynasty cosmography of huaxia , siyi: dongyi in east, nanman in south, xirong in west, , beidi in north.

it not easy determine times of people classical chinese document reflects.

literature describing pre-xia dynasty period not use character yi. xia dynasty, groups of people referred yi. example, theyu gong chapter of shu ji or book of documents terms people in qingzhou , xuzhou laiyi (萊夷), yuyi (嵎夷) , huaiyi (淮夷). yi-related term jiu-yi (九夷), literally 9 yi, have had connotation numerous yi or many different kinds of yi, , appears in passage in analects reads, master (i.e., confucius) desired live among 9 yi. term dongyi not used period.

shang dynasty oracle shell , bone writings record yi not dongyi. shima kunio s concordance of oracle inscriptions lists twenty occurrences of script 夷 or 尸, (6 times) in compound zhishi 祉尸 bless personator; blessed personator . michael carr notes contexts ambiguous, suggests, 3 compounds refer barbarians (in modern characters, fayi 伐夷 attack barbarians, zhengyi 征夷 punish barbarians, , yifang 夷方 barbarian regions ). oracle inscriptions record shang king wu ding (r. ca. 1250-1192 bce) made military expeditions on yi, , king di xin (r. ca. 1075-1046 bce) waged massive campaign against yifang 夷方 barbarian regions . appears yifang same people huaiyi (huai river yi), nanhuaiyi (southern huai yi), nanyi (southern yi) , dongyi according bronzeware inscriptions of western zhou dynasty. zhou dynasty attempted keep yi under control. notable example of successful campaign against huaiyi , dongyi led duke of zhou.

on other hand, historian huang yang notes in shang period, term yi did not carry sense of barbarian. rather denoted 1 of many tribes or regions target of shang military campaigns...we see, therefore, @ beginning yi might haven been particular tribe or group of people neighboring shang.

during spring , autumn period, jin, zheng, qi , song tried seize control of huai river basin, occupied huaiyi, region fell under influence of chu south. @ same time, people in east , south ceased called dongyi founded own states. these yifang states included states of xu, lai, zhongli, ju , jiang. small state of jie based around present-day jiaozhou. state of xu occupied large areas of modern jiangsu , anhui provinces between huai , yangtze rivers. eventually, after warring chu , wu, conquered state of wu in 512 bc. chu annexed state of jiang, destroyed state of ju territory annexed state of qi. recent archaeological excavations reveal state of xu s presence extended western jiangxi in modern jing county. includes bronzeware inscriptions state of xu , tomb many nanmu coffins containing sacrificial female victims. dongyi customs include burials many sacrificial victims , veneration of sun.

references dongyi became ideological during warring states period, owing cultural changes in chinese concepts of self , other. when (c. 4th bce) classic of rites recorded stereotypes siyi 4 barbarians (dongyi, xirong, nanman, , beidi) in 4 directions, dongyi had acquired pejorative nuance.

the people of 5 regions – middle states, , [rong], [yi], (and other wild tribes round them) – had several natures, not made alter. tribes on east called [yi]. had hair unbound, , tattooed bodies. of them ate food without being cooked. on south called man. tattooed foreheads, , had feet turned in towards each other. of them (also) ate food without being cooked. on west called [rong]. had hair unbound, , wore skins. of them did not eat grain-food. on north called [di]. wore skins of animals , birds, , dwelt in caves. of them did not eat grain-food. people of middle states, , of [yi], man, [rong], , [di], had dwellings, lived @ ease; flavours preferred; clothes suitable them; proper implements use; , vessels prepared in abundance. in 5 regions, languages of people not mutually intelligible, , likings , desires different. make in minds apprehended, , communicate likings , desires, (there officers) – in east, called transmitters; in south, representationists; in west, [di-dis]; , in north, interpreters.

post-qin usages

the more china expanded, further east term dongyi applied to. records of grand historian sima qian uses term manyi (蠻夷), not dongyi . puts section of xinanyi (southwestern yi) liezhuan (biographies) , not dongyi liezhuan . book of han not put section either calls dongye (濊) chief in korean peninsula dongyi. book of later han puts section of dongyi liezhuan (東夷列傳) , covers buyeo, yilou, goguryeo, eastern okjeo, hui, samhan , wa, in other words, eastern manchuria, korea, japan , other islands. book of jin positioned dongyi inside section of siyi (barbarians in 4 directions) along xirong , nanman , beidi . book of sui, book of tang , new book of tang adopt section of dongyi , covers eastern manchuria, korea, japan , optionally sakhalin , taiwan. during song dynasty, official history books replaced dongyi waiguo (外國) , waiyi (外夷).

other usage of dongyi in chinese history books

records of grand historian , book of han


these 2 history books not assign many chapters describe history of dongyi. however, includes simple description manchuria, wiman joseon , wa. wiman fled state of yan gojoseon, , disguised if gojoseon people. book of han uses same term records of grand historian.


book of later han


this book written fan ye (historian). book contains chapter of dongyi , describes history of manchuria , korea including buyeo, goguryeo, okjeo, dongye, , samhan, , japan including wa. shuowen jiezi, book of later han describes dongyi countries places benevolence rules , gentlemen not die.


records of 3 kingdoms


this book written chen shou, , contains chapter dongyi . chapter of wuwan xianbei dongyi describes wuwan tribes, xianbei tribes, , dongyi tribes respectively. in section of dongyi, book explains manchurian, korean , japanese ancient kingdoms. korean , manchurian kingdoms include buyeo, goguryeo, okjeo, dongye, , samhan. japanese kingdom includes wa (japan).


book of jin


this book written fang xuanling @ tang dynasty. has chapter of 4 yi , , describes manchurian, korean, , japanese history. manchurian, korean , japanese include buyeo, mahan confederacy, jinhan confederacy, sushen, , wa (japan).


book of song


this history book describes history of liu song dynasty, contains simple explanation neighbor states. chapter of dongyi of book describes ancient history of manchuria, korea , japan such goguryeo, baekje , wa (japan).


book of qi


the book of qi history book of southern qi. in 58th volume, history of dongyi s history described, includes ancient manchurian, korean , japanese history such goguryeo, baekje, gaya , wa (japan).


history of southern dynasties


this book history of liu song, southern qi, liang dynasty, , chen dynasty, includes history of dongyi. in chapter of dongyi, book describes manchurian, korean , japanese history such goguryeo, baekje, silla, wa (japan), , on. interestingly, book says dongyi s state gojoseon while sima qian says gojoseon people manyi.


book of sui


the book of sui describes history sui dynasty, , compiled @ tang dynasty. chapter of dongyi s history describes history of korean, manchurian , japanese such goguryeo, baekje, silla, mohe, liuqiu, , wa (japan).




^ xu shen 許慎, shuowen jieji 說文解字 (beijing: zhonghua shuju, 1963), 213, 78.
^ wieger, léon (1927), chinese characters: origin, etymology, history, classification , signification. thorough study chinese documents, tr. l. davrout, 2nd edition, dover reprint, p. 156.
^ karlgren 1957:147
^ wu, 107–108
^ shuowen jiezi, ancient dongyi people yimou first made arrow.《说文解字·矢部》:“古者夷牟初作矢”
^ classic of rites, hui made bow , yimo made arrow.《礼记·射义》: 挥作弓，夷牟作矢
^ huang yang (2013), perceptions of barbarian in greece , china, chs research bulletin 2.1, translating guo moruo, (1933, 1982), 卜辭通纂, 第五六九片, p. 462.
^ xu 1988:942.
^ li (2006), p. 286.
^ karlgren 1957:148.
^ baxter 1992:279.
^ schuessler 2009:279.
^ schuessler 2007:565.
^ pulleyblank, e. g., (1983). chinese , neighbors in prehistoric , historic times. in keightley, david n., ed. origins of chinese civilization. p. 440. university of california press.
^ shima 1971:5.
^ carr 2007:381-382
^ archaeology of korea sarah m. nelson. 
^ huang yang (2013), perceptions of barbarian in greece , china, chs research bulletin 2.1
^ legge, james (1872), ch un ts ew tso chuen, chinese classics, vol. v, hong kong: lane, crawford, & co., prol., ch. iii, p. 130 .
^ wangzhi chap., tr. james legge (1879), li ki, clarendon press, vol.1, pp. 229-230.
^ book of later han (後漢書); 欽定四庫全書, 後漢書卷一百十五, 東夷傳, 第七十五
^ records of 3 kingdoms (欽定四庫全書, 魏志卷三十, 烏丸鮮卑東夷 (夫餘 髙句麗 東沃沮 挹婁 濊 馬韓 辰韓 弁辰 倭人))
^ 欽定四庫全書, 晉書卷九十七, 列傳第六十七, 四夷
^ 欽定四庫全書, 宋書卷九十七, 列傳第五十七, 東夷
^ 欽定四庫全書, 南齊書卷五十八, 蠻, 東南夷, 東夷
^ 欽定四庫全書, 南史卷七十九, 列傳第六十九, 夷貊下, 東夷
^ 欽定四庫全書, 南史卷七十九, 列傳第六十九, 夷貊下, 東夷. 東夷之國朝鮮 . sentence interpreted state of dongyi gojoseon
^ 欽定四庫全書, 隋書卷八十一, 列傳第四十六, 東夷