Industrial revolutions Modern history

1 industrial revolutions

1.1 industrialization
1.2 revolution in manufacture , power
1.3 notable engineers
1.4 social effects , classes

1.4.1 mid-19th-century european revolts
1.4.2 industrial age reformism


1.5 imperial russia

industrial revolutions


a watt steam engine. development of steam engine started industrial revolution in great britain. steam engine created pump water coal mines, enabling them deepened beyond groundwater levels.

the date of industrial revolution not exact. eric hobsbawm held broke out in 1780s , not felt until 1830s or 1840s, while t.s. ashton held occurred between 1760 , 1830 (in effect reigns of george iii, regency, , george iv). great changes of centuries before 19th more connected ideas, religion or military conquest, , technological advance had made small changes in material wealth of ordinary people.

the first industrial revolution merged second industrial revolution around 1850, when technological , economic progress gained momentum development of steam-powered ships , railways, , later in 19th century internal combustion engine , electric power generation. second industrial revolution phase of industrial revolution; labeled separate technical revolution. technological , social point of view there no clean break between two. major innovations during period occurred in chemical, electrical, petroleum, , steel industries. specific advancements included introduction of oil fired steam turbine , internal combustion driven steel ships, development of airplane, practical commercialization of automobile, mass production of consumer goods, perfection of canning, mechanical refrigeration , other food preservation techniques, , invention of telephone.

industrialization

industrialization process of social , economic change whereby human group transformed pre-industrial society industrial one. subdivision of more general modernization process, social change , economic development closely related technological innovation, particularly development of large-scale energy , metallurgy production. extensive organization of economy purpose of manufacturing. industrialization introduces form of philosophical change, people obtain different attitude towards perception of nature.

revolution in manufacture , power

an economy based on manual labour replaced 1 dominated industry , manufacture of machinery. began mechanization of textile industries , development of iron-making techniques, , trade expansion enabled introduction of canals, improved roads, , railways.

the introduction of steam power (fuelled coal) , powered machinery (mainly in textile manufacturing) underpinned dramatic increases in production capacity. development of all-metal machine tools in first 2 decades of 19th century facilitated manufacture of more production machines manufacturing in other industries.

the modern petroleum industry started in 1846 discovery of process of refining kerosene coal nova scotian abraham pineo gesner. ignacy Łukasiewicz improved gesner s method develop means of refining kerosene more readily available rock oil ( petr-oleum ) seeps in 1852 , first rock oil mine built in bóbrka, near krosno in galicia in following year. in 1854, benjamin silliman, science professor @ yale university in new haven, first fractionate petroleum distillation. these discoveries rapidly spread around world.

notable engineers

engineering achievements of revolution ranged electrification developments in materials science. advancements made great contribution quality of life. in first revolution, lewis paul original inventor of roller spinning, basis of water frame spinning cotton in cotton mill. matthew boulton , james watt s improvements steam engine fundamental changes brought industrial revolution in both kingdom of great britain , world.

nikola tesla sits in front of spiral coil of high-frequency transformer @ east houston street, new york.

in latter part of second revolution, thomas alva edison developed many devices influenced life around world , credited creation of first industrial research laboratory. in 1882, edison switched on world s first large-scale electrical supply network provided 110 volts direct current fifty-nine customers in lower manhattan. toward end of second industrial revolution, nikola tesla made many contributions in field of electricity , magnetism in late 19th , 20th centuries.

social effects , classes

the industrial revolutions major technological, socioeconomic, , cultural changes in late 18th , 19th centuries began in britain , spread throughout world. effects spread throughout western europe , north america during 19th century, affecting majority of world. impact of change on society enormous , compared neolithic revolution, when mankind developed agriculture , gave nomadic lifestyle.

it has been argued gdp per capita more stable , progressed @ slower rate until industrial revolution , emergence of modern capitalist economy, , has since increased rapidly in capitalist countries.

mid-19th-century european revolts

the european revolutions of 1848, known in countries spring of nations or year of revolution, series of political upheavals throughout european continent. described revolutionary wave, period of unrest began in france , then, further propelled french revolution of 1848, spread rest of europe. although of revolutions put down, there significant amount of violence in many areas, tens of thousands of people tortured , killed. while immediate political effects of revolutions reversed, long-term reverberations of events far-reaching.

industrial age reformism

industrial age reform movements began gradual change of society rather episodes of rapid fundamental changes. reformists ideas grounded in liberalism, although possessed aspects of utopian, socialist or religious concepts. radical movement campaigned electoral reform, reform of poor laws, free trade, educational reform, postal reform, prison reform, , public sanitation.

following enlightenment s ideas, reformers looked scientific revolution , industrial progress solve social problems arose industrial revolution. newton s natural philosophy combined mathematics of axiomatic proof mechanics of physical observation, yielding coherent system of verifiable predictions , replacing previous reliance on revelation , inspired truth. applied public life, approach yielded several successful campaigns changes in social policy.

imperial russia

under peter (the great), russia proclaimed empire in 1721 , became recognized world power. ruling 1682 1725, peter defeated sweden in great northern war, forcing cede west karelia , ingria (two regions lost russia in time of troubles), estland , livland, securing russia s access sea , sea trade. on baltic sea peter founded new capital called saint petersburg, later known russia s window europe. peter great s reforms brought considerable western european cultural influences russia. catherine ii (the great), ruled in 1762–96, extended russian political control on polish-lithuanian commonwealth , incorporated of territories russia during partitions of poland, pushing russian frontier westward central europe. in south, after successful russo-turkish wars against ottoman empire, catherine advanced russia s boundary black sea, defeating crimean khanate.