Manchu rule over China Manchu people

an imperial portrait of nurhaci

a century after chaos started in jurchen lands, nurhaci, chieftain of jianzhou left guard, began campaign against ming empire in revenge manslaughter of grandfather , father in 1583. reunified jurchen tribes, established military system called 8 banners , organized jurchen soldiers groups of bannermen , , ordered scholar erdeni , minister gagai create new jurchen script (later known manchu script) using traditional mongolian alphabet reference.

in 1603, nurhaci gained recognition sure kundulen khan (manchu: ᠰᡠᡵᡝ

ᡴᡠᠨᡩᡠᠯᡝᠨ

ᡥᠠᠨ; möllendorff: sure kundulen han; abkai: sure kundulen han, wise , respected khan ) khalkha mongol allies in 1616 publicly enthroned himself , issued proclamation naming himself genggiyen khan (manchu: ᡤᡝᠩᡤᡳᠶᡝᠨ

ᡥᠠᠨ; möllendorff: genggiyen han; abkai: genggiyen han, bright khan ) of later jin dynasty (manchu: ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠨ

ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ; möllendorff: aisin gurun; abkai: aisin gurun, 後金). nurhaci launched attack on ming dynasty , moved capital mukden after conquest of liaodong. in 1635, son , successor huangtaiji changed name of jurchen ethnic group (manchu: ᠵᡠᡧᡝᠨ; möllendorff: jušen; abkai: juxen) manchu. year later, huangtaiji proclaimed himself emperor of qing dynasty (manchu: ᡩᠠᡳᠴᡳᠩ

ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ; möllendorff: daicing gurun; abkai: daiqing gurun). factors change of name of these people jurchen manchu include fact term jurchen had negative connotations associated it, since jurchens had been in servile position ming dynasty several hundred years , referred people of dependent class .

in 1644, ming capital, beijing, sacked peasant revolt led li zicheng, former minor ming official became leader of peasant revolt, proclaimed establishment of shun dynasty. last ming ruler, chongzhen emperor, committed suicide hanging himself when city fell. when li zicheng moved against ming general wu sangui, latter made alliance manchus , opened shanhai pass manchu army. after manchus defeated li zicheng, moved capital of new qing empire beijing (manchu: ᠪᡝᡤᡳᠩ; möllendorff: beging; abkai: beging) in same year.

the qing government differentiated between han bannermen , ordinary han civilians. han bannermen han chinese defected qing empire 1644 , joined 8 banners, giving them social , legal privileges in addition being acculturated manchu culture. many han defected qing empire , swelled ranks of 8 banners ethnic manchus became minority within banners, making 16% in 1648, han bannermen dominating @ 75% , mongol bannermen making rest. multi-ethnic, majority han force in manchus minority, conquered china qing empire.

a mass marriage of han chinese officers , officials manchu women numbering 1,000 couples arranged prince yoto , hong taiji in 1632 promote harmony between 2 ethnic groups. promote ethnic harmony, 1648 decree shunzhi emperor allowed han chinese civilian men marry manchu women banners permission of board of revenue if registered daughters of officials or commoners or permission of banner company captain if unregistered commoners. later in dynasty these policies allowing intermarriage done away with.

as result of conquest of china, manchus followed prince regent dorgon , shunzhi emperor beijing , settled there. few of them sent other places such inner mongolia, xinjiang , tibet serve garrison troops. there 1524 bannermen left in manchuria @ time of initial manchu conquest. after series of border conflicts began russians, qing emperors started realize strategic importance of manchuria , gradually sent manchus came from. however, throughout qing dynasty, beijing focal point of ruling manchus in political, economic , cultural spheres of era of chinese civilization. yongzheng emperor noted: garrisons places of stationed works, beijing homeland.

while manchu ruling elite @ qing imperial court in beijing , posts of authority throughout china increasingly adopted han culture, qing imperial government viewed manchu communities (as of various tribal people) in manchuria place traditional manchu virtues preserved, , vital reservoir of military manpower dedicated regime. qing emperors tried protect traditional way of life of manchus (as various other tribal peoples) in central , northern manchuria variety of means. in particular, restricted migration of han settlers region. ideal, however, had balanced practical needs, such maintaining defense of northern china against russians , mongols, supplying government farms skilled work force, , conducting trade in region s products, resulted in continuous trickle of han convicts, workers, , merchants northeast.

however, policy of artificially isolating manchus of northeast rest of china not last forever. in 1850s, large numbers of manchu bannermen sent central china fight taiping rebels. (for example, heilongjiang province – @ time included northern part of today s heilongjiang – contributed 67,730 bannermen campaign, of 10-20% survived). few returned demoralized , disposed opium addiction. in 1860, in aftermath of loss of outer manchuria , , imperial , provincial governments in deep financial trouble, parts of manchuria became officially open chinese settlement; within few decades, manchus became minority in of manchuria s districts.

dulimbai gurun ᡩᡠᠯᡳᠮᠪᠠᡳ

ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ manchu name china (中國, zhōngguó; middle kingdom ). after conquering ming dynasty, qing rulers typically referred state great qing (da qing 大清), or daicing gurun in manchu. in documents, state, or parts of it, referred china (zhongguo), or dulimbai gurun in manchu tongue. debate continues on whether qing equated lands of qing state, including present day manchuria, xinjiang, mongolia, tibet , other areas china in both chinese , manchu languages. scholars claim qing rulers defined china multi-ethnic state, rejecting idea china meant han areas, proclaiming both han , non-han peoples part of china , using china refer qing dynasty s empire in official documents, international treaties, , foreign affairs, , term chinese people (中國人 zhōngguó rén ; manchu: ᡩᡠᠯᡳᠮᠪᠠᡳ

ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ ‍ᡳ

ᠨᡳᠶᠠᠯᠮᠠ dulimbai gurun-i niyalma) referred han, manchu, , mongol subjects of qing empire.

when qing empire conquered dzungaria in 1759, proclaimed new land absorbed china (dulimbai gurun) in manchu language memorial. qing government expounded in ideology bringing outer non-han chinese inner mongols, eastern mongols, oirat mongols, , tibetans inner han chinese, 1 family united in qing state, showing diverse subjects of qing empire part of 1 family. qing government used phrase zhongwai yijia 中外一家 or neiwai yijia 內外一家 ( interior , exterior 1 family ), convey idea of unification of different peoples of empire. manchu language version of treaty russian empire concerning criminal jurisdiction on bandits called people qing empire people of central kingdom (dulimbai gurun) . in manchu official tulisen s manchu language account of meeting torghut leader ayuka khan, mentioned while torghuts unlike russians, people of central kingdom (dulimba-i gurun 中國, zhongguo) torghuts, , people of central kingdom referred manchus.

it possible han bannermen , han bondservants (booi) become manchu being transferred upper 3 manchu banners , having surname manchufied addition of giya (佳) suffix. process called taiqi (抬旗; raising of banner ) in chinese. typically occurred in cases of intermarriage aisin gioro clan (the imperial clan) , close relatives (fathers , brothers) of concubine or empress promoted han banner manchu banner , become manchu.

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