Presidency Manuel Roxas

1 presidency

1.1 administration , cabinet

1.1.1 domestic policies

1.1.1.1 economy
1.1.1.2 reconstruction after war
1.1.1.3 agrarian reform
1.1.1.4 amnesty proclamation
1.1.1.5 huks outlawed


1.1.2 foreign policy

1.1.2.1 treaty of general relations
1.1.2.2 united states military bases
1.1.2.3 party rights amendment
1.1.2.4 turtle , mangsee islands


1.1.3 assassination attempt
1.1.4 controversies

presidency
administration , cabinet

domestic policies
economy

no sooner had fanfare of independence festivities ended government , people put hands work in tasks of rescuing country dire economic straits. reputed bombed , destroyed country in world, philippines in sorry mess. stalingrad , warsaw, instance, compare manila in point of destruction. on country more million people unaccounted for. war casualties such reach 2 million mark. conservative estimates had philippines had lost 2 thirds of material wealth.

the country facing near bankruptcy. there no national economy, no export trade. indeed, production exports had not been restored. on other hand, imports reach amount of 3 million dollars. there need of immediate aid united nations relief , rehabilitation administration. along line obtained. again, loans united states, increase in national revenues, new republic.

president roxas, bold steps, met situation same confidence exuded in inaugural address, when said: system of free guided enterprise our system . among main remedies proposed establishment of philippine rehabilitation finance corporation. entity responsible construction of twelve thousand houses , grant of easy-term loans in amount of 177,000,000 pesos. proposal creation of central bank of philippines stabilize philippine dollar reserves , coordinate , nations banking activities gearing them economic progress.

concentrating on sugar industry, president roxas exert such efforts succeed in increasing production 13,000 tons @ time of philippine liberation all-high of 1 million tons.

reconstruction after war

the postwar philippines had burned cities , towns, ruined farms , factories, blasted roads , bridges, shattered industries , commerce, , thousands of massacred victims. war had paralyzed educational system, 80% of school buildings, equipment, laboratories , furniture destroyed. numberless books, invaluable documents , works of art, irreplaceable historical relics , family heirlooms, hundreds of churches , temples burned. reconstruction of damaged school buildings alone cost more php 126,000,000,000.

the new republic began function on annual deficit of on php 200,000,000 little prospect of balanced budget years come. manila , other cities infested criminal gangs used techniques of american gangsters in activities–bank holdups, kidnapping , burglaries. in rural regions, provinces of central luzon , southern tagalog regions, hukbalahaps , brigands terrorized towns , barrios.

agrarian reform

in 1946, shortly after induction presidency, manuel roxas proclaimed rice share tenancy act of 1933 effective throughout country. problems of land tenure continued. in fact these became worse in areas. among remedial measures enacted republic act no. 1946 likewise known tenant act provided 70–30 sharing arrangements , regulated share-tenancy contracts. passed resolve ongoing peasant unrest in central luzon.

amnesty proclamation

president roxas, on january 28, 1948, granted full amnesty so-called philippine collaborators, many of whom on trial or awaiting tried, particularly former president josé p. laurel (1943–1945). amnesty proclamation did not apply collaborators , charged commission of common crimes, such murder, rape, , arson. presidential decision did heal standing wound somehow threatened divide people s sentiments. much-called measure bring closer unity in trying times when such needed progress of nation.

huks outlawed

disgusted crimes being committed hukbó ng bayan laban sa hapón (nation s army against japanese, called huks ) , possessing evidence of subversion, roxas issued proclamation outlawing huk movement on march 6, 1948. had become imperative in view of resurgence of huk depredations, following unseating of 7 communists, led huk supremo luis taruc through acts of terrorism.

foreign policy
treaty of general relations

on august 5, 1946, congress of philippines ratified treaty of general relations had been entered , between republic of philippines , united states on july 4, 1946. aside withdrawing sovereignty philippines , recognizing independence, treaty reserved united states bases mutual protection of both countries; consented united states represent philippines in countries latter had not yet established diplomatic representation; made philippines assume debts , obligations of former government in philippines; , provided settlement of property rights of citizens of both countries.

united states military bases

one of last pictures of president manuel roxas.

although roxas successful in getting rehabilitation funds united states after independence, forced concede military bases (23 of leased 99 years), trade restriction philippine citizens, , special privileges u.s. property owner , investor.

party rights amendment

on march 11, 1947, philippine voters, agreeing roxas, ratified in nationwide plebiscite parity amendment 1935 constitution of philippines, granting united states citizens right dispose of , utilize philippine natural resources, or parity rights.

turtle , mangsee islands

on 19 september 1946 republic of philippines notified united kingdom wished take on administration of turtle islands , mangesse islands. pursuant supplemental international agreement, transfer of administration became effective on 16 october 1947.

assassination attempt

the night before plebiscite, roxas narrowly escaped assassination julio guillen, disgruntled barber tondo, manila, hurled grenade @ platform on plaza miranda after roxas had addressed rally.

controversies

his administration marred graft , corruption; moreover, abuses of provincial military police contributed rise of left-wing (huk) movement in countryside. heavy-handed attempts crush huks led widespread peasant disaffection.

the record of roxas administration marred 2 failures: failure curb graft , corruption in government, evidenced surplus war property scandal, chinese immigration scandal , school supplies scandal; , failure check , stop communist hukbalahap movement.