Career Julius Youngner

1 career

1.1 trypsinization
1.2 titration
1.3 inactivated poliovirus
1.4 temperature-sensitive virus
1.5 first intranasal equine influenza vaccine

career

in 1949, youngner moved university of pittsburgh pursue virology @ and, subsequently, university of pittsburgh school of medicine rest of career. in 1960 appointed professor of microbiology. between 1985 , 1989, chairman of department of microbiology, biochemistry , molecular biology. working on polio prevention, responsible 3 key advancements in poliomyelitis vaccine development. 1. proved method separation of monkey kidney cells, led techniques large scale production. 2. developed process prevent infection while retaining ability vaccinate, , 3. safety testing batches of vaccine , anti-polio antibodies in test subjects. or in words of colleague: “juli figured out how grow virus, how inactivate it, , figured how test immune response see if worked.”

trypsinization

poliovirus particles in cell culture.

youngner demonstrated separation of monkey kidney cells using pancreatic enzyme trypsin, technique proven rockefeller institute applied high titer virus stocks. applying method single kidney produce enough raw material 6000 shots of polio vaccine. advance in production of virus raw material directly led vaccine viability.

titration

the measurement developed youngner safely , testing batches of vaccine , antibodies virus after application important advancements necessary vaccine success. youngner identified difference in ph, indicated metabolic activity other researchers, used identify cell cultures infected virus , cultures antibodies virus. ph indicated phenol red in tissue-culture system.

inactivated poliovirus

the salk vaccine based upon formalin inactivated wild type virus. key effective inactivation depended upon color test developed youngner, allowed formalin induced viral protein degradation accurately plotted. youngner s work, formalin application 6 days projected produce 1 live virus particle in 100 million doses of vaccine. 1954, first virus trials had immunized 800,000 children against polio.

temperature-sensitive virus

youngner studied role of in-apparent infections in effort link selection of wild type virus chronic , persistent infections. team studied mechanisms of these infections, , infections of vesicular stomatitis virus, sendai virus, , persistent newcastle disease virus.

first intranasal equine influenza vaccine

youngner responsible first equine influenza vaccine, based upon cold-adapted influenza virus. previous methods of vaccination required treatment 6 times per year without adequate protection. in collaboration flu avert i.n., approval granted use of cold-adapted virus replicates @ temperatures in respiratory tract, offering unprecedented level of protection in prevention of equine flu , offering protection twelve months.