After public disclosure .281917.E2.80.9318.29 Sykes–Picot Agreement

excerpt manchester guardian, monday, november 26, 1917, first english-language reference became known sykes picot agreement.

russian claims in ottoman empire denied following bolshevik revolution , bolsheviks released copy of sykes–picot agreement (as other treaties). revealed full texts in izvestia , pravda on 23 november 1917; subsequently, manchester guardian printed texts on november 26, 1917. caused great embarrassment between allies , growing distrust between them , arabs. zionists had confirmed details of agreement british government, earlier in april. wilson had rejected secret agreements made between allies , promoted open diplomacy ideas self-determination. on 22 november 1917, leon trotsky, addressed note ambassadors @ petrograd containing proposals truce , democratic peace without annexation , without indemnities, based on principle of independence of nations, , of right determine nature of own development . peace negotiations quadruple alliance – germany, austria–hungary, bulgaria , turkey – started @ brest–litovsk 1 month later. on behalf of quadruple alliance, count czernin, replied on 25 december question of state allegiance of national groups possess no state independence should solved every state peoples independently in constitutional manner , , right of minorities forms essential component part of constitutional right of peoples self- determination .

in turn, lloyd george delivered speech on war aims on 5 january, including references right of self-determination , consent of governed secret treaties , changed circumstances regarding them. 3 days later, wilson weighed in fourteen points, twelfth being turkish portions of present ottoman empire should assured secure sovereignty, other nationalities under turkish rule should assured undoubted security of life , absolutely unmolested opportunity of autonomous development .

on december 23, 1917, sykes (who had been sent france in mid-december see happening projet d arrangement) , representative of french ministry of foreign affairs had delivered public addresses central syrian congress in paris on non-turkish elements of ottoman empire, including liberated jerusalem. sykes had stated accomplished fact of independence of hejaz rendered impossible effective , real autonomy should refused syria. however, minutes record syrian arabs in egypt not happy developments , absent clearer, less ambiguous statement in regard future of syria , mesopotamia allies king of hedjaz lose arab support.

sykes author of hogarth message secret january 1918 message hussein following request explanation of balfour declaration , bassett letter letter (also secret) dated 8 february 1918 british government hussein following request explanation of sykes–picot agreement.

the failure of projet d arrangement reflected poorly on sykes , following on doubts explanations of sykes-picot hussein previous year, weakened credibility on middle eastern affairs throughout 1918. still (at own request, acting adviser on arabian , palestine affairs @ foreign office) continued criticism of sykes-picot, minuting on 16 february anglo–french agreement of 1916 in regard asia minor should come reconsideration , on 3 march, writing clayton, stipulations in regard red , blue areas can regarded quite contrary spirit of every ministerial speech has been made last 3 months .

on 28 march 1918 first meeting of newly formed eastern committee held, chaired curzon.

in may, clayton told balfour picot had, in response suggestion agreement moot, allowed considerable revision required in view of changes had taken place in situation since agreement drawn , nevertheless considered agreement holds, @ rate principle .

the british issued declaration 7 on june 16 first british pronouncement arabs advancing principle of national self-determination.

on 30 september 1918, supporters of arab revolt in damascus declared government loyal sharif of mecca. had been declared king of arabs handful of religious leaders , other notables in mecca.

the anglo-french declaration of november 1918 pledged great britain , france assist in establishment of indigenous governments , administrations in syria , mesopotamia setting of national governments , administrations deriving authority free exercise of initiative , choice of indigenous populations . french had reluctantly agreed issue declaration @ insistence of british. minutes of british war cabinet meeting reveal british had cited laws of conquest , military occupation avoid sharing administration french under civilian regime. british stressed terms of anglo–french declaration had superseded sykes–picot agreement in order justify fresh negotiations on allocation of territories of syria, mesopotamia, , palestine.

george curzon said great powers still committed règlement organique agreement, concerned governance , non-intervention in affairs of maronite, orthodox christian, druze, , muslim communities, regarding beirut vilayet of june 1861 , september 1864, , added rights granted france in today modern syria , parts of turkey under sykes–picot incompatible agreement.

at french embassy in london on sunday december 1, david lloyd george , clemenceau had private meeting latter surrendered french rights mosul , palestine had been given sykes–picot agreement. there conflicting views whether or not france received in exchange. although lloyd george , others have suggested nothing given in return, according rutledge , others, lloyd george promised @ least 1 or of, support french claims on ruhr, when oil production in mosul began, france receive share , sykes–picot obligation maintained regards syria.

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