Language and alphabet Manchu people

1 language , alphabet

1.1 language
1.2 alphabet
1.3 current situation

language , alphabet
language

the manchu language tungusic language , has many dialects. standard form called standard manchu . originates accent of jianzhou jurchens , officially standardized during qianlong emperor s reign. during qing dynasty, manchus @ imperial court required speak standard manchu or face emperor s reprimand. applied equally palace presbyter shamanic rites when performing sacrifice.

beijing dialect 1 of commonly used. mix of several dialects, since manchus lived in beijing not jianzhou jurchens, haixi jurchens , yeren jurchens. on time, mingling of accents produced beijing dialect (京语). beijing dialect close standard manchu. mukden dialect, aka mukden-south manchurian dialect (盛京南满语) or mukden-girin dialect (盛京吉林语), popular dialect spoken manchus lived in liaoning , western , southern areas of jilin, having accent close xibe language spoken xibes living in qapqal. other dialects include ningguta , alcuka.

alphabet

the jurchens, ancestors of manchus, had created jurchen script in jin dynasty. after jin dynasty collapsed, jurchen script gradually lost. in ming dynasty, 60%-70% of jurchens used mongolian script write letters , 30%-40% of jurchens used chinese characters. persisted until nurhaci revolted against ming empire. nurhaci considered major impediment people lacked script of own, commanded scholars, gagai , eldeni, create manchu characters reference mongolian scripts. dutifully complied khan s order , created manchu script, called script without dots , circles (manchu: ᡨᠣᠩᡴᡳ

ᡶᡠᡴᠠ

ᠠᡴᡡ

ᡥᡝᡵᡤᡝᠨ; möllendorff: tongki fuka akū hergen; abkai: tongki fuka akv hergen; 无圈点满文) or old manchu script (老满文). due hurried creation, script has defects. vowels , consonants difficult distinguish. shortly afterwards, successor dahai used dots , circles distinguish vowels, aspirated , non-aspirated consonants , completed script. achievement called script dots , circles or new manchu script .

current situation

banjin inenggi , manchu linguistic activity government , students in changchun, 2011

after 19th century, manchus had perfected standard chinese , number of manchu speakers dwindling. although qing emperors emphasized importance of manchu language again , again, tide not turned. after qing dynasty collapsed, manchu language lost status national language , official use in education ended. manchus today speak standard chinese. remaining skilled native manchu speakers number less 100, of whom found in sanjiazi (manchu: ᡳᠯᠠᠨ

ᠪᠣᡠ᠋; möllendorff: ilan boo; abkai: ilan bou), heilongjiang province. since 1980s, there has been resurgence of manchu language among government, scholars , social activities. in recent years, of governments in liaoning, jilin , heilongjiang, many schools started have manchu classes. there manchu volunteers in many places of china freely teach manchu in desire rescue language. thousands of non-manchu speakers have learned language through these platforms.