Asia Modern history

1 asia

1.1 china
1.2 japan
1.3 india

1.3.1 british , dutch colonization

asia

china

in china, urbanization increased population grew , division of labor grew more complex. large urban centers, such nanjing , beijing, contributed growth of private industry. in particular, small-scale industries grew up, specializing in paper, silk, cotton, , porcelain goods. part, however, relatively small urban centers markets proliferated around country. town markets traded food, necessary manufactures such pins or oil. despite xenophobia , intellectual introspection characteristic of increasingly popular new school of neo-confucianism, china under ming dynasty not isolated. foreign trade , other contacts outside world, particularly japan, increased considerably. chinese merchants explored of indian ocean, reaching east africa treasure voyages of zheng he.

the qing dynasty (1644–1912) founded after fall of ming, last han chinese dynasty, manchus. manchus formerly known jurchens. when beijing captured li zicheng s peasant rebels in 1644, chongzhen emperor, last ming emperor, committed suicide. manchus allied former ming general wu sangui , seized control of beijing, became new capital of qing dynasty. manchus adopted confucian norms of traditional chinese government in rule of china proper. schoppa, editor of columbia guide modern chinese history argues, date around 1780 beginning of modern china closer know today historical reality . allows have better baseline understand precipitous decline of chinese polity in nineteenth , twentieth centuries.

japan

in pre-modern japan following sengoku period of warring states , central government had been largely reestablished oda nobunaga , toyotomi hideyoshi during azuchi–momoyama period. after battle of sekigahara in 1600, central authority fell tokugawa ieyasu completed process , received title of shogun in 1603.

society in japanese tokugawa period (edo society), unlike shogunates before it, based on strict class hierarchy established toyotomi hideyoshi. daimyōs (feudal lords) @ top, followed warrior-caste of samurai, farmers, artisans, , traders ranking below. in parts of country, particularly smaller regions, daimyōs , samurai more or less identical, since daimyōs might trained samurai, , samurai might act local lords. otherwise, largely inflexible nature of social stratification system unleashed disruptive forces on time. taxes on peasantry set @ fixed amounts did not account inflation or other changes in monetary value. result, tax revenues collected samurai landowners worth less , less on time. led numerous confrontations between noble impoverished samurai , well-to-do peasants, ranging simple local disturbances bigger rebellions. none, however, proved compelling enough challenge established order until arrival of foreign powers.

india

on indian subcontinent, mughal empire ruled of india in 18th century. classic period ended death , defeat of emperor aurangzeb in 1707 rising hindu maratha empire, although dynasty continued 150 years. during period, empire marked highly centralized administration connecting different regions. significant monuments of mughals, visible legacy, date period characterised expansion of persian cultural influence in indian subcontinent, brilliant literary, artistic, , architectural results. maratha empire located in south west of present-day india , expanded under rule of peshwas, prime ministers of maratha empire. in 1761, maratha army lost third battle of panipat halted imperial expansion , empire divided confederacy of maratha states.

british , dutch colonization

the development of new imperialism saw conquest of eastern hemisphere territories colonial powers. commercial colonization of india commenced in 1757, after battle of plassey, when nawab of bengal surrendered dominions british east india company, in 1765, when company granted diwani, or right collect revenue, in bengal , bihar, or in 1772, when company established capital in calcutta, appointed first governor-general, warren hastings, , became directly involved in governance.

the maratha states, following anglo-maratha wars, lost british east india company in 1818 third anglo-maratha war. rule lasted until 1858, when, after indian rebellion of 1857 , consequent of government of india act 1858, british government assumed task of directly administering india in new british raj. in 1819 stamford raffles established singapore key trading post britain in rivalry dutch. however, rivalry cooled in 1824 when anglo-dutch treaty demarcated respective interests in southeast asia. 1850s onwards, pace of colonization shifted higher gear.

the dutch east india company (1800) , british east india company (1858) dissolved respective governments, took on direct administration of colonies. thailand spared experience of foreign rule, although, thailand affected power politics of western powers. colonial rule had profound effect on southeast asia. while colonial powers profited region s vast resources , large market, colonial rule did develop region varying extent.