In mammals Dear enemy effect

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eurasian badgers respond less aggressively scent of familiar conspecifics unfamiliar


territorial eurasian beavers (castor fiber) presented two-way choice sniffed both castoreum , anal gland secretion stranger longer neighbour. furthermore, beavers responded aggressively (stood on mound on hind feet, pawing and/or overmarking) longer castoreum, not anal gland secretion, stranger neighbour. when mounds containing scents allowed remain overnight , beavers responses measured following morning, beavers responses stronger both castoreum , anal gland secretion stranger neighbour.


eurasian badgers (meles meles) can discriminate between self-, neighbour- , unfamiliar- group faeces near main sett. badgers show heightened behavioural responses towards unfamiliar- compared self-group scents, there no difference in response neighbour- relative self-group scents. relative responses towards unfamiliar-group scents greatest during breeding seasons, there no seasonal differences in responses neighbour-group versus self-group scents. in badger populations, levels of aggression between neighbouring territory-holders kept relatively low through neighbour recognition. however, increased levels of aggression shown towards dispersing or itinerant (alien) badgers, during periods such breeding season when potential threats long-term fitness of territory owners greatest.


red squirrels able discriminate odours of familiar neighbours , strangers. has been suggested discrimination may used males avoid unnecessary chases , fights becoming known neighbours.








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